Christoph's method of teaching Sandie, where the last step is prompted until independence and then earlier steps are introduced, is an example of backward chaining.

• A. Backward chaining
• B. Forward chaining
• C. Total-task chaining
• D. Task analysis

Answer: (A)

Backward chaining focuses on finishing a task by teaching the last step first and using prompts to help the learner perform that final action independently. Once the learner can complete the last step on their own, you add the preceding steps one by one, moving backward through the task until the entire sequence can be completed independently. Christoph’s method fits this approach: you prompt the final action until independence is achieved, then introduce earlier steps. This contrasts with forward chaining, which starts with the first step and works forward through the sequence. It also differs from total-task chaining, where the whole task is practiced together with prompts for all steps rather than starting from the end. Task analysis involves listing the steps involved in a task to plan instruction, but it is not the prompting sequence itself.