In order for video-modeling to be effective, the model must be an individual other than the learner.

• A. True
• B. False
• C. Sometimes
• D. Not specified

Answer: (B)

Video-modeling works because learners observe a model perform the target behavior and then imitate it. The model does not have to be someone else; the learner can watch footage of themselves—video self-modeling—to learn or improve the skill. This can be especially effective because the learner has a clear reference of what successful performance looks like and can relate to it as something they can do. For example, a student who struggles with asking for help can watch a video of themselves using a calm, respectful request, then practice that approach in real interactions. Alternatively, a peer or teacher can serve as the model, but the key is the demonstration of correct, transferable behavior, not the necessity that the model be another person. So, the statement is false.